1. Bible House Introduction

Long time researcher and correspondent, Bernhard, has produced a complete book on the Bible House of Allegheny, the first custom built headquarters of the Bible Students. It is over 130 pages in length and profusely illustrated with diagrams and photographs. Below is a graphic of the cover along with the foreward written by Bernhard. Then, in the remaining blog posts in this series, there is a little foretaste of some of the material the book contains, taken from articles written a few years ago which have been greatly expanded into this work. This is really only a taste; anyone remotely interested in this subject really needs to obtain the full book.

The book is available from Amazon. Use the search terms <The Bible House in Allegheny, Pittsburgh, PA> or <Bernhard J. Brabenec> in Amazon for your country of choice. The Amazon site will allow you preview some of the pages.

2. Bible House Location

Bible House, the headquarters of Zion’s Watch Tower and later the Watch Tower Society, no longer exists. It was swept away in redevelopment of the area in the 1960s. But below is a map of modern Allegheny/Pittsburgh, where the red dot shows the former location of the building. The street is West Commons Street.

3. Bible House Description

The building frontage at 610 Arch Street was 13 meters wide, and the depth of the building was 18 meters. In the 1920s the frontage was completely redesigned, and then the original building was swept away in redevelopment in the early 1960s.

The original building was a double store building, with a basement and then three floors above the stores. The basement was used for general shipping purposes, and then the first floor (what Brits would call the ground floor) was the two stores. The one on the left of the picture was used for folding and mailing Towers, books, Bibles, and mottoes etc. The store on the right was the show room. Here Bibles and other supplies were displayed in cases so that the public could come in off the street and purchase. Also in this store on the right, visitors to the Bible House were received. CTR's secretary usually occupied a desk near the window in the front of this store, while CTR had a private office back at about the middle of the store, where he would come each afternoon to sign letters, etc. However, his main office or study was up on the fourth floor, off the living room.

Some of the second floor (as America would count it, in the UK it would be the first floor after the ground floor) was not used for Bible Student purposes directly and was rented out for revenue. However, it seems that Watch Tower offices like the Colporteur Department were on this floor. Below is a picture of part of the second floor from both outside and inside the building to establish this.

However, a check of trade directories of the day shows that various other businesses, including insurance and music teaching were also carried on from the Arch Street address on the second floor. With over 2500 square feet per floor it would be large enough to accommodate both. A comprehensive list of these businesses, some of which CTR had an interest in, can be found in Bernhard’s book.

Continuing upward, the third floor was the Chapel. It was a large room that could hold between three and four hundred people. There was a large motto at the back of the pulpit reading “One is Your Master Even Christ.” All the other panels on the walls contained painted mottos in color. However, most photographs of CTR preaching in “the chapel” are actually later ones taken at the Brooklyn Tabernacle where they moved in early 1909, but this was closely modelled on the Bible House.

The fourth and top floor had a number of rooms. Coming off the stairs you would enter the living room where the Bible House Family had their daily morning worship as well as other gatherings. Off the living room was the dining room with a long table to accommodate the family and visitors. Also on this top floor was CTR’s private study and the living quarters for those who were resident. When an inventory was taken of the Bible House contents it included ten beds.

Some floors were connected through speaking tubes.

An overall plan made some years ago, showed the various rooms with photographs of the different Bible House departments in operation.

You can see an uptodate version of this information along with detailed reproductions of the photographs in Bernhard’s book

It should be noted that the main source for most of the above information is Dr Leslie Jones, writing in 1929.

He also noted in his 1929 visit that the frontage had been completed redesigned. This is how the building looked in 1937.

4. Bible House Aftermath

After Bible House was finally sold it was used for a variety of purposes and the old chapel was hired out for various groups. But in 1929 it featured in what came to be called the first reunion convention.

This was organised by Bible Students who had separated from the Society. It was dated to coincide with anniversary memorial services at CTR’s grave. There was a convention report produced by Dr Leslie Jones, who had produced the majority of convention reports for 1904-1916 during CTR’s lifetime. As noted in a previous article, this was when Dr Jones left us a detailed description of Bible House and how it had functioned as Watch Tower headquarters.

The aim of the 1929 reunion convention was to bring together various groups that had separated from the Watchtower Society. (For a list of some of these different groups see the full resolution presented by J F Rutherford for the new name Jehovah’s Witnesses in 1931 - Rutherford names some of them.) Their 1929 convention report stated that they had used the chapel of The Order of Independent Americans. A check in newspaper archives shows that this was the old Bible House, which. like a standard Masonic Hall, could be hired out.

The 1929 meeting brought these people together, but it could be argued that, rather than bringing about unity, it resulted in the formation of yet one more Bible Student group. Annual reunion conventions continued to be held at the old Bible House chapel for several years thereafter.

It must be remembered that in 1928 The Harp of God was revised and removed direct reference to CTR. In the late 1920s the Society ceased publishing new editions of CTR’s Studies, although they remained on their inventory while stocks lasted. Key beliefs from the CTR era like the Great Pyramid would be changed, followed by removing any focus on natural Israel in the early 1930s. Those who continuued to believe all of CTR’s theology would no longer find a home in the movement that became Jehovah’s Witnesses.

5. Bible House - The End

As the years went by the area containing the old Bible House became run down, and an ambitious plan was mooted in the early 1960s to redevelop the whole area, as part of the North Side redevelopment scheme. Bible House was one of the casualties.

From the Pittsburgh Press Sunday magazine for October 6, 1963.

This piece was written by George Swetnam, a columnist and feature writer for the Pittsburgh Press. Swetnam, a Presbyterian minister who often wrote on history, also wrote about the pyramid on the Society’s grave site (see Pittsburgh Press for June 25, 1967) and featured CTR in his book, Where Else but Pittsburgh (1958).

Spot the person

I am very grateful to Bernhard who has sent the two photographs below, one from the Indianapolis convention of 1907, and the other from the Put-in-Bay convention of 1908. A number of the people in the pictures have been identified.

To see the pictures properly you will need to click on them to see them full screen, or maybe even to transfer them into another graphics program to see them close up.

1907 Indianapolis

1908 Put-in-Bay

The Search for S D Rogers

There are some people in history for whom we have little background. Like the Bible character Melchizedeck (although of lesser reputation) we don’t know where they came from, and we can’t confirm where they went. They turn up in our narrative, give a few hints, and then disappear. It is frustrating for a researcher when this happens. This article is about one such case.

Back in 2016 there were several articles on another blog, written by Rachael de Vienne and myself, on a possible later sighting of S D Rogers. Recently returning to this subject, an interesting trail has been followed, with unexpected results. This article is that story.

But first, for any readers new to the subject, let’s examine what we know about his Watch Tower history. He always appeared in the pages of ZWT as S D Rogers. What the initials stood for was not known, which complicates identification. He appears in the 1880s. He was apparently born around 1847 and came from Michigan, and may have been born there. He was a vigorous and successful colporteur for Zion’s Watch Tower, but then was sent to Britain in 1893 which did not go well. He was subsequently involved as a key “conspirator” in A Conspiracy Exposed (1894). He was reported to be in league with Nelson Barbour and then disappeared from view. Then there are numerous accounts of a dubious religious character in the early 20^th century using the name S D Rogers. We will come to this later.

We arrive at a birth date of around 1847 for S D Rogers by assuming his entry on a ship’s list from 1893 is accurate. Rogers was travelling from New York to Liverpool in October 1893. The full details from the register show that he arrived in Liverpool on 4 October 1893. He called himself the Rev. S D Rogers, occupation Minister, and he is listed as single, aged 46. This gives us his approximate year of birth.

As to where he was from, we have several references to Michigan as either his place of birth or the place where he and his family were viewed as from.

Here is one of several examples from newspaper reports of sermons given in 1891. From the Buffalo Commercial (New York) for June 5, 1891.

A letter from S D Rogers in ZWT for August 1889 shows that his parents were living in Michigan at that time.

The problem is that nearly all of the 1890 American census returns were destroyed by fire in 1921 so we don’t have these to supply any background to the above. And a search of 1880 and 1900 provides no answers.

Using the approximate birth date of 1847 there are a number of potential candidates. Born in Michigan there is a Samuel Rogers, born c.1848. Living in Michigan in the 1870 census, there is a Sylvanus E Rogers, c. 1845 (born in Ohio), Sherman Rogers, c.1847 (born in New York), another Syvlanus Rogers, c. 1852 (born in Canada), another Samuel Rogers, c.1844 (born in Canada), and a Sol Rogers, c.1847 (born in England). Most promising on the surface would appear to be Samuel D Rogers, born Lodi, Michigan, in 1847. But this S D Rogers turns out to be a farmer with a wife and several children. While he could have “moonlighted” as a ZWT colporteur - which would have made a great story - this S D Rogers’ parents died some years before 1889. Playing round with different initials and locations has always proved to be a frustrating exercise.

Wherever he came from originally, Rogers entered the ZWT story in January/February 1889 in a letter from J B Adamson, who obviously became a close friend. (The letter is found in the original ZWT bur is not found in the abridged reprints). There are later references to Rogers rooming with Adamson and his wife, and Adamson of course was one of the other “conspirators” in the 1894 split.

Rogers' first letter to ZWT was dated May 2, 1889 from Detroit, Michigan (again omitted from the reprints). He became a highly successful colporteur, regularly sending in details of the vast quantities of Dawns he had sold. As well as Michigan, he worked extensively in Canada and New York, and was obviously doing this work full-time, supporting himself on commission. Apart from his parents in Michigan already referred to, the only other personal detail his letters let slip is that he had a brother who also worked as a colporteur with a Brother Zink at one point, probably in Canada.

He was so successful in this work then when it was thought beneficial to send someone to Britain to galvanise this kind of work there, Rogers was the choice.

Rogers determined that a better plan than circulating the printed page would be for himself, as ‘Rev. S D Rogers,’ to hold a series of public meetings with himself as the speaker, and to solicit money for them. The book Bible Students in Britain basically accused him of expecting to be treated like a conventional clergyman of Christendom, with local Bible Students funding his meetings and funding him to a degree that went beyond expenses. Letters of concern winged their way from England to the Bible House in Allegheny.

On his return there was a lengthy article by CTR in the April 1, 1894 ZWT on The Work in England, and Rogers – after six years as a colporteur - left that activity. He assured CTR of his continued interest in the message and was planning to return to England, but not as a ZWT representative.

Then came the campaign by “the gang of four,” Bryan, Adamson, von Zech and Rogers. They sent out a circular (not extant) and CTR responded with in A Conspiracy Exposed (special issue of ZWT April 25, 1894). In subsequent developments (ZWT June 11, 1894), Rogers was accused of visiting congregations with bad intent and in Rochester, NY, introducing the faithful to Nelson Barbour, described as a “bold and relentless enemy.” This came from a report by Maria, CTR’s wife, who went on a speaking tour in Rogers’ wake to counteract his activities. According to the June 11 special ZWT, Rogers split with the other three when they refused to hire a hall for him in Pittsburgh to “expose the errors of Millenial Dawn and Zion’s Watch Tower.”

                                                        

It appears that Rogers subsequently returned to Britain because one of the letters published in the June 11 ZWT was from a J Brookes in England whom Rogers visited. CTR assured the correspondent that Maria had no intention in following Rogers there.

And it is at this point Rogers disappeared. The subsequent lives of Bryan, Adamson and von Zech can be traced, but what happened to Rogers and his self-belief?

We find a number of references to a Rev. S D Rogers in newspapers between the years of 1903-1928, all linked to Michigan. To try and avoid confusion we will hereafter refer to our ZWT certainty as “SDR” and the 20^th century references to “S Donald.” Some 20^th century newspapers give Donald as the middle name to the Rev S D Rogers. See for example The Wood County Reporter (Grand Rapids, Wisconsin) for June 22, 1922.         

We will briefly outline S Donald’s known activities and then draw comparisons.

The known S Donald can only be described as a con-artist, and judging by the number of times he was encouraged to move on or got arrested, a particularly inept one.

 It can only be the vastness of America and the lack of communications that allowed him to try the same stunts year after year, while getting caught year after year. He may have had a penchant for pretty girls, or perhaps was just accident prone. Here is a typical headline from the Chanute Daily Blade for January 5, 1904.

He would start off by riding into town claiming to be writing a new book on the Bible; subscriptions gratefully accepted. Later he added raising contributions for a Quaker settlement, claiming to be a great grandson of Timothy Rogers, the Quaker who founded settlements in Vermont, and Canada. Timothy Rogers (1756-1834) was married twice, and had twenty-one children so this was a little difficult to verify both then and now.

S Donald’s real estate dealings had a sort of “kiss of death” about them. From the Witchita Daily Eagle for December 1919, his business dealings were (quote) “about everythng but successful” and were “always according to Hoyle” (a reference to gambling). Local real estate men were warned to have nothing to do with him.

The headline in the Wood County Reporter (Grand Rapids, Wisconsin) for June 22, 1922, with variations, became depressingly familiar.

Gradually a picture is built up of his back story.

He had “a new method” of preaching the gospel. His proposed tome entitled The Opening of the Books focused amongst other things on the year 1874. From an interview in the Chanute Daily Blade for January 5, 1904,

He had his epiphany while in England in the 1890s.  From The Journal Times (Racine, Wcisonsin) for May 3, 1905: S D Rogers, “Christian minister and evangelist,” was planning a religious school in their city.  Soon to publish The Opening of the Books he is of Quaker lineage and believes in direct revelation to man. Rogers “claims that about ten years ago when working in England that the great mysteries of the scriptures were opened up to him in a personal and direct way by the spirit of God.”

In 1928 he was still at it. From the Sedalia Democrat (Sedalia, Missouri) for March 15, 1928, he had again been arrested for obtaining money under false pretenses. A proposed Quaker colony and his named magnum opus The Opening of the Books is the all-too-familiar story.

S Donald was described as a “shrewd book salesman” The businessmen who paid out now worked out that it was going to cost them even more if the case went ahead, so voted for dismissal. The full news report mentioned THAT book again – The Opening of the Books – and hinted that it still hadn’t actually materialised. The report also covered some of the areas Rogers had visited.

Later in 1928 we have our final sighting of him at work. The Daily Iowan for September 29, 1928, gave him the heading: Davenport Police Arrest Imposter – Alleged Minister Gets Donations from Local Men. 

S Donald’s less than illustrious career came to an abrupt end in November 1928. I am grateful to researcher Philip for bringing this cutting to my attention. From the Washington Evening Journal for November 5, 1928:

The account relates how S Donald had recently been released from the slammer. He then left his local hotel - without paying the bill. The suggestion is that he was attempting to board the train without buying a ticket. Papers in his bag indicated he was from Detroit, although the chief of detectives there said no-one there had heard of him. He had with him printed cards as a minister of the gospel according to the Quaker faith with more than one address. Local Quakers said he was not a minister of their faith and were (quote) “indignant” (Davenport Daily Times November 10, 1928). His age was judged to be about 65. No family or friends or details of his real identity were traced in time for his funeral on November 8. His death certificate, totally devoid of family details, gives his occupation as “minister.”

A search of genealogical records finds only one reference we can clearly tie into an S Donald Rogers of the right age in 1920. He is single, born around 1866, and is a “roomer” so staying in lodgings of some sort in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. This gives his occupation as “author” and says was born in Canada.

So in summary, what can we say when comparing SDR and S Donald Rogers? Here are a few comparisons:

SDR called himself Reverend.

S Donald called himself Reverend.

SDR came from Michigan.

S Donald claimed to be from Michigan, either Vassar or Detroit.

SDR had a new way of preaching.

S Donald claimed to have a “new method” of preaching the gospel.

SDR was the top colporteur for CTR resulting in him being sent to Britain.

S Donald was a “shrewd book salesman.”

SDR wanted to make money.

S Donald certainly did.

SDR spent time in England in the 1890s.

S Donald claimed to have had his epiphany while in England in the mid-1890s.

SDR promoted ZWT theology.

S Donald’s proposed book focussed on 1874 as the start of the 7^th x 1000 year period of human history.

Put all that together and it just “feels” right that S Donald is our man. Until we have this 1928 record of his death of course, which throws it all out. Because a man born around 1847 would have been 80 in 1928.

Of course, it is always possible that the age for SDR when coming to England in the ship’s log is out by 15 years. Or that the coroner’s analysis of S Donald’s mangled corpse diagnosed a man of 80 as being around 65…  Yeah – sure. But certain phrases come to mind.  House of cards…  Don’t count your chickens…It’s not over until the fat lady sings… And yes – back to the drawing board.

Anyone out there like to take up the baton?

Emma Russell

Emma Russell was the younger sister of Maria Frances Ackley, who married CTR. About a year after Maria’s wedding, Emma married CTR’s father Joseph Lytle Russell. They had one child, Mabel, who was born in September 1881. There were family difficulties which may have come to a head over Joseph Lytle’s last will and testament, although Emma was left well provided for. She and her sister shared a house together. She died in 1929 and was living with Maria at the time at 516 14th Avenue North, St Peterburgh, Florida.

This photograph of Emma as an older lady would have been taken in the 1920s, probably on the front steps at the home she shared with Maria. (You can see a photograph of the house if you check out Emma on Find a Grave).

The photograph of Emma was given by a descendant to a researcher over 25 years ago. That researcher shared it and has no problem with my reproducing it. Of course, the ones we really need to ask are the descendant family, but I have been unable to track them down. It also means we have no way of verifying that this really is Emma, although I have no reason to doubt it. So it is published here – with that caveat – for now.

CTR's Passport Application

CTR's passport application for 1903 states that he is 5 foot 10.5 inches tall (generally reduced to 5.10 in subsequent applications), and that his hair color is grey-brown. The form is witnessed by A.E. Williamson.

Photodrama Business Card

Thomas Hickey - Early Bible Student

The 1922 Cedar Point, Ohio, convention of the IBSA is a remembered historical event for several reasons. But a little known one that can now be added is that a member of CTR’s early Bible class from the mid-1870s was there, and was interviewed in the New Era Enterprise newspaper about those early days. His name was Thomas Hickey and in 1922 he was billed as “the only one now living who was a member of Pastor Charles T. Russell’s first little class in Allegheny”.

The above report is found in the New Era Enterprise for December 26, 1922, page 2. We will transcribe the account a little bit later, but first, some background information about Thomas Hickey.

He was born on November 11, 1844, in Tredegar in South Wales, UK. In the 1851 census returns for Tredegar, his father (unnamed) is noted as immigrated, leaving a wife, Joanna Hickey, to support three young children as a dressmaker.

Tredegar was a boom town in the 19^th century linked to expanding iron works with their tram road and then steam links down the valley to the aptly-named Newport. But horrendous sanitary conditions and cholera epidemics made it a place to leave if you could. Your religion was probably one of several competing varieties of Baptist or Methodist non-conformism.

According to the Wales-Pennsylvania project, at one point one-third of the population of Pennsylvania was Welsh, and even today there are 200,000 people of Welsh ancestry in the State.  From the original Welsh Quakers moving to Pennsylvania, there were soon floods of industrial workers from Wales - slate quarrymen from the North, and from the South coal miners and iron workers, whose skills would be welcomed in industrial centers like Pittsburgh. At the time Hickey lived in Pittsburgh there was a large Welsh St David’s Society there, which still flourishes today.

So Hickey followed a well-trodden path to reach Pittsburgh. He was married to Gwendolyn Bowen with one child, John, when they made the decision to leave Wales and travel to the States in the 1860s. He ultimately had seven children, but all the others, barring one, were born in the States. The exception was his fourth, daughter Anna, who was born around 1874 back in Wales, so - assuming the census enumerator got it right - they must have made a trip back to the old country.

In the 1870 census Thomas is now in Pittsburgh as a puddler in a roll mill. (A puddler was a specialized furnace worker, who converted pig iron into wrought iron.) In the 1880 Pittsburgh census he is still listed as a puddler, with wife Gwennie, and the seven children. At least three of the children are known to be born in Pittsburgh, David (born 1876), Samuel (born 1878) and Joseph Benjamin (1879-1962).

And it was at this time that he attended early meetings with Charles Taze Russell.

The account in full from the Enterprise reads as follows:

(quote)

Among the thousand attending the convention is the venerable Thomas Hickey, of Newcastle, Pa. He is the only one now living who was a member of Pastor Charles T. Russell’s first little class in Allegheny.

He relates that the first convention held was in a building on Federal St., Allegheny, when less than a hundred were present. This was about 1875. The first testimony meeting was held in 1876 in the home of Brother Russell, when six consecrated hearts were present. This gives an amazing contrast when compared with this great convention of over 12,000, with many, many times that number at home all over the world.

In listening to Mr Hickey relating his experiences, it can be seen that this movement grew, not by any organized effort, but simply and spontaneously by a gathering together of consecrated Christians to study their Bibles as their hearts yearned to do.

“Charlie would give them little talks,” he said, “and after awhile he began to go around and speak here and there. When they started to call him Elder Russell, the question arose as to what would be the proper title for their minister. When they asked Brother Russell, he answered simply, ‘We will just go on without any name, for are all one in Christ Jesus.’”

Mr Hickey said he never expected to attend such a convention as this one, and considers it the greatest privilege of his life.

(end of quote)

We have to accept that this is anecdotal evidence from an old man about events nearly fifty years before. We don’t know how good his memory was, or how accurately he was reported by the Enterprise writer, but it gives us a flavour of those early times.

A search in the early ZWTs provides a number of references to a “Brother Hickey” but these all appear to be Samuel I Hickey, a former Presbyterian minister, who had quite a high profile in those early days. So all we have is the Enterprise interview, and also Thomas’ obituary in his local paper.

The above obituary from the New Castle News, January 14, 1927, firmly identifies Thomas as an active member of the International Bible Students Association. It states that he moved to New Castle 22 years before, which would be around 1904, and his final employment status was as a boiler maker.

There is a Thomas Hickey in New Castle trade directories for the 1890s, and this Thomas is described as working in the Vulcan Iron co., so there may be an error in the obituary dates and this is him. Or maybe the 1890s feature some other Thomas Hickey. It was not an uncommon name.

Thomas was certainly well-known enough in his New Castle community to warrant the 1927 obituary, which also detailed two fraternal societies he belonged to, one of which was back in Pittsburgh.

One wonders how many of his surviving five children, fifteen grandchildren and seventeen great-grandchildren continued in the same religious persuasion.

Another JFR snapshot

A snapshot of J F Rutherford on the Great Pyramid taken in late 1920. The visit was filmed but the results not issued until the Kinemo film came out in 1922.

(reproduced with permission from Tower Archives, with thanks)

A JFR Snapshot

J F Rutherford in a candid snapshot taken at a convention in 1922. Note that the license plate number looks like 144,000. With grateful thanks to the comment trail that pointed out that this vehicle number plate was featured in the convention report in the November 1, 1922, WT page 349.

(Original photograph used with permission from Tower Archives, with thanks)

Joseph Smith's Family Tragedy

Guest post by Bernhard

Joseph Firth Smith was one of the seven original directors, when the Watch Tower Society was incorporated in 1884. The details are in an earlier article on this blog, The Magnificent Seven. Joseph was the son of Henry Smith.

 In 1876 Joseph married Kate Richards. With his wife he lived in the Seventh Ward in Pittsburgh and later on Elgin Avenue, and St. Claire Street.

On January 4, 1881 his only son Henry Firth was born.

We don’t know exactly when Joseph joined the Watch Tower movement, but we know this was by April 1883 at the latest. On December 15, 1884 he became a director of the Watch Tower Society and resigned as director on December 3, 1891. However, the resignation was not actioned by Russell until April 11, 1892. This meant that Henry Firth was 11 years old when his father left Russell.

(from a contemporary account)

Henry Firth Smith, 25 years old, was shot and almost instantly killed at 4 o’clock morning in November 11, 1906, in a desperate battle with a burglar whom he discovered in the home where he lived with his parents at Elgin and St. Clair streets, East End. 8 shots were fired during the fight and the entire neighborhood was aroused, but the murderer, leaving his revolver behind, managed to escape unseen. His parents had slept in this time. Having been awakened by the shots the father and mother ran down the stairs. On the kitchen floor they found their son. Joseph tried to arouse the victim but it was to late.

At this time the Smiths were members of the First Presbyterian Church and the funeral was also held by a Pastor from this church.

(from contemporary accounts)

After following clues for nearly three months that led them into nearly every quarter of the United States, the county detectives have found in Atlanta, Ga., the murderer of Henry F. Smith. It was the negro Jim Johnson.

(Editorial note: this report was wildly optimisitc. The newspapers were still naming other possible suspects, involved in other crimes, two years later. To my knowledge, no-one was ever brought to trial for Smith‘s murder.)

Henry Firth was employed at the plant of the Pittsburgh Label Company, 4017 Liberty avenue, of which his father was treasurer.

More information on Joseph Firth Smith can be found in Separate Identity volume 2, by Bruce Schulz and Rachael de Vienne. See chapter Organizing and Financing the Work (both main text pp. 176-177 and footnote). Extract reproduced below with permission and with thanks,

The 1880 Census indicates a birth date of about 1852. This is incorrect. The correct birth date (October 28, 1849) comes from his passport application dated May 10, 1870. Smith married Kate Richards. No children are listed in the 1880 Census. We could not locate a photo of Smith. (Editorial note: as shown above, we do have photographs of his father and his son, the murder victim.) His passport application says (Joseph) was fair-skinned and fair-haired, five feet eight in height with a straight nose, high forehead and small chin. J. F. Smith died December 7, 1924.

As did Russell, Joseph attended the Grant School, and though Smith was older, their attendance overlapped. We do not know if they knew each other as children. He attended Oberlin College and Duff’s Mercantile College. Duff’s offered night classes in accounting and shorthand, and among its alumni was Andrew Carnegie. We do not know if Smith graduated from either institution. Joseph is listed as a “clerk” in the 1866 edition of Thurston’s Directory. In the next edition he is listed as a “salesman,” living in a boarding house at 84 Wylie Avenue, Pittsburgh. By 1869 he moved a few doors down on Wylie Street and was again working as a clerk in his father’s store. Obviously Smith’s original connection to Russell was a business one. The Smiths were social peers of both Russell and Conley. The Pittsburgh Dispatch of May 11, 1889, notes that Mrs. Joseph F. Smith was on the board of directors of the Christian Home for Women. The Smiths had other business interests that in time included lithography and real estate.

His name first appears in the April 1883 Zion’s Watch Tower. The Smiths came out of the Episcopal Church. During his association with Zion’s Watch Tower he was an active evangelist. Russell reported in the February 15, 1892, Watch Tower that Smith was “making a thorough canvass of Pittsburgh and vicinity. He is letting the light shine and attracting the attention of some of the children of the light. In the portion of the city already gone over, he has circulated over 2000 copies of Dawn, which, sooner or later, will bring results.”  Smith and W. I. Mann were dropped as directors on April 11, 1892. It is probably safe to say that the same issues that prompted Mann to resign also mattered to Smith.